When Same-Sex Marriage Was A Christian Rite

Saturday

May022009

Note: This is a reprint of an article that originally ran in the Colfax Record last year. I thought it would be an interesting piece to present after all of the commentary and debate on my blogs last week regarding Miss California, same-sex marriage, and religion.

SS. Sergius & Bacchus - 7th cent.A Kiev art museum contains a curious icon from St. Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai in Israel. It shows two robed Christian saints. Between them is a traditional Roman ‘pronubus’ (a best man), overseeing a wedding. The pronubus is Christ. The married couple are both men.

Is the icon suggesting that a gay "wedding" is being sanctified by Christ himself? The idea seems shocking. But the full answer comes from other early Christian sources about the two men featured in the icon, St. Sergius and St. Bacchus, two Roman soldiers who were Christian martyrs. These two officers in the Roman army incurred the anger of Emperor Maximian when they were exposed as ‘secret Christians’ by refusing to enter a pagan temple. Both were sent to Syria circa 303 CE where Bacchus is thought to have died while being flogged. Sergius survived torture but was later beheaded. Legend says that Bacchus appeared to the dying Sergius as an angel, telling him to be brave because they would soon be reunited in heaven.

While the pairing of saints, particularly in the early Christian church, was not unusual, the association of these two men was regarded as particularly intimate. Severus, the Patriarch of Antioch (AD 512 - 518) explained that, "we should not separate in speech they [Sergius and Bacchus] who were joined in life". This is not a case of simple "adelphopoiia." In the definitive 10th century account of their lives, St. Sergius is openly celebrated as the "sweet companion and lover" of St. Bacchus. Sergius and Bacchus's close relationship has led many modern scholars to believe they were lovers. But the most compelling evidence for this view is that the oldest text of their martyrology, written in New Testament Greek describes them as "erastai,” or "lovers". In other words, they were a male homosexual couple. Their orientation and relationship was not only acknowledged, but it was fully accepted and celebrated by the early Christian church, which was far more tolerant than it is today.

Contrary to myth, Christianity's concept of marriage has not been set in stone since the days of Christ, but has constantly evolved as a concept and ritual.

Prof. John Boswell, the late Chairman of Yale University’s history department, discovered that in addition to heterosexual marriage ceremonies in ancient Christian church liturgical documents, there were also ceremonies called the "Office of Same-Sex Union" (10th and 11th century), and the "Order for Uniting Two Men" (11th and 12th century).

These church rites had all the symbols of a heterosexual marriage: the whole community gathered in a church, a blessing of the couple before the altar was conducted with their right hands joined, holy vows were exchanged, a priest officiatied in the taking of the Eucharist and a wedding feast for the guests was celebrated afterwards. These elements all appear in contemporary illustrations of the holy union of the Byzantine Warrior-Emperor, Basil the First (867-886 CE) and his companion John.

Such same gender Christian sanctified unions also took place in Ireland in the late 12thand/ early 13th century, as the chronicler Gerald of Wales (‘Geraldus Cambrensis’) recorded.

Same-sex unions in pre-modern Europe list in great detail some same gender ceremonies found in ancient church liturgical documents. One Greek 13th century rite, "Order for Solemn Same-Sex Union", invoked St. Serge and St. Bacchus, and called on God to "vouchsafe unto these, Thy servants [N and N], the grace to love one another and to abide without hate and not be the cause of scandal all the days of their lives, with the help of the Holy Mother of God, and all Thy saints". The ceremony concludes: "And they shall kiss the Holy Gospel and each other, and it shall be concluded".

Another 14th century Serbian Slavonic "Office of the Same Sex Union", uniting two men or two women, had the couple lay their right hands on the Gospel while having a crucifix placed in their left hands. After kissing the Gospel, the couple were then required to kiss each other, after which the priest, having raised up the Eucharist, would give them both communion.

Records of Christian same sex unions have been discovered in such diverse archives as those in the Vatican, in St. Petersburg, in Paris, in Istanbul and in the Sinai, covering a thousand-years from the 8th to the 18th century.

The Dominican missionary and Prior, Jacques Goar (1601-1653), includes such ceremonies in a printed collection of Greek Orthodox prayer books, “Euchologion Sive Rituale Graecorum Complectens Ritus Et Ordines Divinae Liturgiae” (Paris, 1667).

While homosexuality was technically illegal from late Roman times, homophobic writings didn’t appear in Western Europe until the late 14th century. Even then, church-consecrated same sex unions continued to take place.

At St. John Lateran in Rome (traditionally the Pope's parish church) in 1578, as many as thirteen same-gender couples were joined during a high Mass and with the cooperation of the Vatican clergy, "taking communion together, using the same nuptial Scripture, after which they slept and ate together" according to a contemporary report. Another woman to woman union is recorded in Dalmatia in the 18th century.

Prof. Boswell's academic study is so well researched and documented that it poses fundamental questions for both modern church leaders and heterosexual Christians about their own modern attitudes towards homosexuality.

For the Church to ignore the evidence in its own archives would be cowardly and deceptive. The evidence convincingly shows that what the modern church claims has always been its unchanging attitude towards homosexuality is, in fact, nothing of the sort.

It proves that for the last two millennia, in parish churches and cathedrals throughout Christendom, from Ireland to Istanbul and even in the heart of Rome itself, homosexual relationships were accepted as valid expressions of a God-given love and committment to another person, a love that could be celebrated, honored and blessed, through the Eucharist in the name of, and in the presence of, Jesus Christ.

Saturday, May 2, 2009 at 9:55PM | |

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References (1)

References allow you to track sources for this article, as well as articles that were written in response to this article.

Response: Myths/Facts (orig: and misery and justice for all)

by lizard at dotlizard dot com on May 3, 2009

MYTH: marriage is a religious concept and has always been between a man and a woman. FACT: marriage predates recorded history, but the earliest known traditions in Greco-Roman times were intended to define who got the dowry, who inherited what, and who was the boss of who.

Reader Comments (68)

@you'll never know
Actually, there are four bible verses commonly used to justify an anti-homosexual stance. The Sodom and Gomorrah story (as has been mentioned already) was a story about rape rather than homosexuality. Specifically it is about hospitality. It comes directly after a story about Abram's great hospitality in having all four of his tent flaps open to watch for passing travelers to offer them rest, and is presented as the opposite of hospitable behaviour: raping all visitors to the town. In a culture with no hotels, neighborly love toward travelers was something all societies had to follow for mutual benefit. Sodomy as a word only came to refer to homosexuality in the 15th centuary.

There are two references in Leviticus which occur in the middle of a list of activities which the Hebrews were required to not participate in. This list is written in a different style to the rest of the book and appears to have been added ofter the Babylonian occupation at a time when Israel had severely reduced numbers and a great need to repopulate quickly. The list seems to be forbidding activities which would distract from the responsibility to reproduce.

Finally, Romans has a reference which is used to condemn homosexuality which is a story about a culture being destroyed because of idolitry. The method of execution by God was causing them to all become homosexual in their desires and thus preventing them from having children so that the whole community would die out in a single generation. The message of this verse is a warning against idolitry. Try not to confuse the sin with the judgement.

November 10, 2010 |

jaminism

what do you make out of this verse, if homosexuality is not seen as sin in the bible?

1Co 6:9 Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders

November 10, 2010 |

Anon

I think it's likely that the so called Jewish/Christian "GOD" is really a space Alien, so why in the world do we modern people give any importance to what is mentioned in the Bible? Blessed be...Patsy

November 10, 2010 |

Patricia Williams King

"Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God. And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God. All things are lawful unto me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the power of any. " 1 Co 6:9-12

As usual, a verse which is used to justify intollerance is revealed to be about love and acceptance when you take the time to read the verses before and after. In case it isn't clear, this verse presents the problems of the old law and presents the new law of grace which Christians are to follow. Under the law of grace, this verse explicitylu states that homosexuality (allong with everything else on the list) is permissable and should therefore be considered in terms of what is of benefit rather than in terms of mosaic law.

November 11, 2010 |

jaminism

@jaminism - Actually it pretty clearly transitions into the kind of people who practice these acts, who will not enter the kingdom of heaven. Why do you think it starts the sentence with do no be deceived. Verse 18 repeats Paul's emphasis on sexual immorality.

Also regarding your previous comment, Jude 1:7 clearly states Sodom and Gomorrah was destroyed because of it's sexual immorality and perversion, I see nothing there about hospitality.

Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13 forbid a man lying with another man as one would with a woman. Leviticus was originally written in Hebrew, but Paul was a Greek-educated Jew writing to Gentiles in Greek, the common language of the day, and probably was using the Greek translation of the Old Testament available in that day, the Septuagint, or LXX, for his Scripture quotations.

The Greek translation of these Leviticus passages condemns a man (arseno) lying with (koitai) another man (arseno); these words (excuse the pun) lie side-by-side in these passages in Leviticus. Paul joins these two words together into a neologism, a new word (as we do in saying database or software), and thus he condemns in 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy what was condemned in Leviticus.

Proposition 1. To broaden the word arsenokoitai to include exploitive heterosexual intercourse appears unlikely in view of the unqualified nature of the Levitical prohibitions.

Proposition 2. In every instance in which the arsenokoit word group occurs in a context that offers clues as to its meaning (i.e., beyond mere inclusion in a vice list), it denotes homosexual intercourse.

Proposition 3. The term arsenokoitai itself indicates an inclusive sense: all men who play the active role in homosexual intercourse. Had Paul intended to single out pederasts he could have used the technical term paiderastïs.

Proposition 4. The meaning that Paul gave to arsenokoitai has to be unpacked in light of Romans 1:24–27. When Paul speaks of the sexual intercourse of “males with males” (arsenes en arsenes) in v. 27, he obviously has in mind arsenokoitai.

The translations of malakoi fall into three categories: 1. Those that focus on “softness” of males (i.e., they are weaklings) or speak of “effeminacy.” 2. Those that specify the softness of males as the passivity (i.e., softness) of a male in a same-sex relation, whether with or without pay: “catamite,” “Sodomites,” “male prostitutes.” 3. Those that focus on a condition: “homosexual perverts,” “pervert.”

Another view of malakoi (Martin) : Ancient usage shows that the basic meaning of malakos is “effeminacy”; extending the meaning beyond this is unwarranted.

A Greek-English Lexikon of the New Testament, s.v., :"8"6`H: 1. “pert. to being yielding to touch, soft, of things”; 2. “pert. to being passive in a same-sex relationship, effeminate esp. of catamites.”

Why do you twist scripture? Your argument loses steam immediate just based on the fact that homosexuality is debated in culture right now. Your thrown into the rest of the homosexuals who twist scripture, and your arguments have already been discredited by unbiased Bible scholars. Do not be deceived, "there will be false teachers among you. They will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the sovereign Lord who bought them—bringing swift destruction on themselves. Many will follow their depraved conduct and will bring the way of truth into disrepute. In their greed these teachers will exploit you with fabricated stories. Their condemnation has long been hanging over them, and their destruction has not been sleeping."

November 11, 2010 |

Scott

I think the passage of the Bible that does reference homosexuality as wrong is talking about the common practice of prostituting young boys in Sodom. I haven't researched this in some years, so I may be wrong.

November 11, 2010 |

Katharine Tapley

A very thought provoking article. However, without source material, and face it, all we get are vague references supporting conclusions and some inaccurate details (like the Mt. Sinai reference, etc), I am forced to conclude that the writer of the article stretched details of what he found to support a preconceived position on the subject at hand.

Better to reference Tony Campolo and his wife Peggy's thoughts on the matter - http://www.gaychristian.net/campolos.php

Good discussion though, minus the anti-religious commentary.

November 11, 2010 |

"Adelphopoiia" means "brother-making," and that's pretty obviously what it was and is. And the fact that the ceremony is known to have sometimes taken place in Lent - when the Eastern Church fasts from sexual relations and during which time marriages are STILL not performed - pretty much makes it impossible for it to have been regarded as a marriage. And no one ever suggested that it was, until Boswell.

There was no same-sex marriage in the Middle Ages. In fact, they would have found the very idea ridiculous.

I also get a little tired of every old example of closeness between two people of the same gender is cited as "evidence" that they were gay. It is perfectly possible to be extremely close to someone of your own gender without wanting to have sex with him. That some people find that incomprehensible is an indication of their extreme shallowness.

That said, I hope same-sex marriage becomes legalized, simply because it's the right thing to do. Religion is irrelevant to the legal question. But citing Sergius and Bacchus - who have been on Christian Calendars for many many centuries with no one SUGGESTING that they were lovers - is really foolish, and a bad argument, to boot.

November 11, 2010 |

Foucault

@Scott:

You've said that the verse lists people who are not going to get into Heaven based on works. I'm unsure where you got that as I can only read "Kingdom of God" and no mention of heaven at all. Perhaps it is elsewhere in the chapter?

Now speaking of works, you've clearly studied this in great depth so it feels a bit patronising for me to even ask, but (biblically speaking) do you consider yourself a sinner? Have you ever stolen, lied, looked at a woman lustfully (adultery), lost your temper and called somebody an idiot (murder), etc? In the Gospels, Jesus raises the bar of the law well above what is practically achievable by human effort. Do you think he did that just so that more people could be condemned to Hell? He does say that each person will be judged by the measure they use to judge others. So if you are saying that other people are going to survive or perish based on the quality of their behaviour in this life, and you then hoping that your own behaviour will warrant God's favour? Now I suspect that you do know all of the "right" answers to those questions, which is why your interpretation confuses me. I hope you'll be able to clear it up for me.

As for the Sodom story, text notes by scribes on some copies state that it was an issue of hospitality, and the context surrounding it confirm it. Jude had a different agenda than unbiased interpretation of scripture but I won't go into that because I know how fundies hate people questioning the inerrancy of their idol. Just to be sure though, there was a similar instance in the OT of a similar mob raping and killing a prophet's female concubine in very similar circumstances, that town met the same fate as Sodom, so while the crime can be interpreted as sexual immorality, it cannot really be limited to homosexual practice.

Regarding my use of scripture, I am following the tradition of Paul 2 Timothy 3:16, that scripture is USEFUL but not sacred. It should be understood for what the author intended and then interpreted for what value it can add to modern society. Poof test any fulfilled prophecy in Matthew and you will see I am not the first person to do this. God's heart has always been for the marginalised members of society. If the Bible is God's word, then it should reflect that, and I think it does, despite the authors' own prejudices at the time of writing.

@Foucault:

The Christian "right" are the biggest block against allowing homosexuals to have equal rights under the law. They use scripture and church history to claim that God is against allowing homosexual couples to have equal legal status under the law to heterosexual couples. If these claims can be publicly and clearly be shown to be false, then the basis for their argument will disappear. A lot of people want to support gay rights but have religious barriers preventing them from doing so. Alternative religious arguments are important for allowing these people to make a decision based on conscience rather than inaccurate dogma.

November 12, 2010 |

Jaminism

@Jaminism:

Work are regarding good deeds, not evil, and "good" work are evidence of your predestination in Christ. Your can try to twist that scripture to say what you want it to say, but it does say those who practice these things, and let me amplify to answer your question [continue to practice these things not repenting from them] will not inherit the Kingdom of Heaven. We all sin, and we all have Christ as our atoning sacrifice, but to continue to sin, is different. Paul talks about this in Romans 7: What shall we say, then? Shall we go on sinning so that grace may increase? By no means! We are those who have died to sin; how can we live in it any longer? Or don’t you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?

Peter also speaking about this, to make your election sure, you shall be posessing these in increasing quality, 2 Peter 1: For this very reason, make every effort to add to your faith goodness; and to goodness, knowledge; and to knowledge, self-control; and to self-control, perseverance; and to perseverance, godliness; and to godliness, mutual affection; and to mutual affection, love. For if you possess these qualities in increasing measure, they will keep you from being ineffective and unproductive in your knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. But whoever does not have them is nearsighted and blind, forgetting that they have been cleansed from their past sins.

We know according to this that the great quality in love, but about love scripture says: 1 John 5: This is how we know that we love the children of God: by loving God and carrying out his commands. In fact, this is love for God: to keep his commands. And his commands are not burdensome, for everyone born of God overcomes the world. This is the victory that has overcome the world, even our faith.

November 12, 2010 |

Scott

Catholicism borrows a lot practices and traditions from the Roman and Greek Pagans. Homosexuality
was a common and accepted practice during those times.That's why priests bugger little boys and why they worship marble statues of their saints.IDGAF one way or the other on the issue of gay marriage,to each their own,but do you have to shove it down our throats?That's just as bad as those Bible Thumper jerks that show up at the house at 6:00 am on a Saturday.I believe in God,but I'm not affiliated with any religion or what some would call " Churchianity".Live and let live,if it's not directly affecting you then whatever because the one true judge is GOD.

November 13, 2010 |

John DOH

Fair points Scott. So assuming then that that verse does list male homosexual sex as a bad thing, is it important what the context of that is or do you consider it enough that it was outlawed? By that, I am considering (and I'm sure you've heard this one used to death) Christians eating pork and shellfish, or wearing poliblend fabrics, or allowing women to speak in church, have authority over men and entering a church without covering their heads. Since these actions have at one point been condemned by the church, and even condemned in canonical scripture, are they considered to still be offenses, or is it the cultural meanings of the acts which was the primary concern? Is God more concerned with physical actions or the thoughts and meanings people ascribe to them?

November 15, 2010 |

jaminism

@Jaminism - You start your list with two ceremonial laws. Food and clothing restrictions were done away with when Christ hung on the cross. That doesn't have anything to do with moral laws. You'll notice in Paul's epistles he talks about the doing away with the ceremonial law, you can also read about this in Hebrews 9 and Collasians 2:13-18. We know that the moral law is still in place, you and me began with some verse speaking about the moral law. We also know from 1 John 3:4-10, specifically verse 9, that "No one who is born of God will continue to sin, because God's seed remains in him; he cannot go on sinning, because he has been born of God." Speaking of the verses about women in there church, that is still in place. Welcome to our post feminists movement society. Regarding the head coverings, if you continue to read that verse, we learn that a head covering is a hair covering (1 Corinthians 11:15). Makes you wonder about all the misconcieved images of Jesus with long hair.

November 16, 2010 |

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November 30, 2010 |

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December 4, 2010 |

Old Catholic

@Old Catholic - I'm sorry but you must first take off the Rosary colored glasses so you can see the truth in the scripture. If you would like the started with Peter & the Rock, we can start there, I can show you the truth of that passage without the Catholics Catechism, or Cafraternity footnotes which force you to see against the correct hermeneutics and the original Greek translation.

December 4, 2010 |

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December 6, 2010 |

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